What is the epidemiologic triangle?

What is the epidemiologic triangle?

Rubric attached. please answer all questions and follow rubric. Sample also provided.

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Infections with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) results in a chronic life-threatening disease and over time may cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV is believed to have originated in Central Africa transmitted from chimpanzees to humans (CDC, 2017). As it spread globally from Africa, it is believed to have made its way into the United States (U.S.) in the mid 1970’s and was first reported to the CDC in 1981 (CDC, 2017). This paper will discuss the communicable disease, describe the determinants, discuss the factors, and explain the role of a Family Nurse Practitioner.

Description

HIV is a virus that when contracted inserts itself into the hosts DNA and over time results in destruction of the body’s immune system. HIV is a bloodbourne pathogen spread from one person to another, by transfers of blood, semen, or vaginal fluid, most commonly but not exclusively limited to sexual intercourse. Other modes of transfer include IV drug use or work-related exposure. It can also be spread through childbirth and infected breast milk (Wade, 2015). According to Wade (2015), one in six persons do not know they are infected with the virus. “Transmission of HIV first results in an acute infection, followed by an asymptomatic period that averages ten years” (Wade, 2015). It remains dormant in the lymph nodes, liver and spleen. As patients become symptomatic, the immune system weakens and opportunistic infections can occur (Wade, 2015). Although there are 2 strains, HIV1 and HIV2, they are transmitted the same way and both can lead to AIDS. HIV targets CD4 T-cells, which are needed to fight infections.

Individuals diagnosed with HIV usually exhibit signs and symptoms of weight loss, fever, night sweats, and fatigue. Advanced signs of HIV are swollen lymph nodes and Kaposi’s sarcoma lesions, which are purplish blotches located on the skin or inside the mucous membranes of the mouth (Wade, 2015).

HIV complications vary from person to person. With the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), there are fewer complications noted. Some complications that can occur are AIDS wasting syndrome, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, cancer, and opportunistic infections such as candida albicans, tuberculosis, and pneumocystis pneumonia (Wade, 2015).

Treatment for people infected with HIV is antiretroviral therapy (ART). It is necessary to find the right “cocktail” or mixture of ART’s, which is determined based on the individuals specific viral resistance profile. “Since its initial observation in 1981, acute HIV disease treatment has transformed from a single drug to the current 30 medications, allowing patients an improved life expectancy” (Orsega, 2015).

Great strides have been made with HIV, but statistically, it still is a major problem in the U.S. and globally. According to the CDC (2017), there were an estimated 37,600 new HIV infections in 2014. “There are an estimated 1.1 million people in the U.S. living with HIV at the end of 2015” (CDC, 2017). In 2016, 39,782 people received an HIV diagnosis. In 2014, 6,721 people have died from HIV and AIDS in the U.S. Although these numbers are high, there has been a decline in new diagnosis by 5% from 2011-2015 (CDC, 2017).

Determinants

Social determinants such as poverty, IV drug use, lack of education, and income play a role in HIV infection and the people who are infected. The highest groups at risk are gay and bisexual men, accounting for 70% of all new diagnosis. When divided amongst ethnicity, African-Americans account for 44% of new diagnoses, Whites account for 26% and Hispanics/Latinos account for 25% (CDC, 2017). The highest average rates of HIV diagnoses were among whose who lived below the federal poverty level, who had less than a high school education, and who had an income less than $36,000 a year (CDC, 2017).

Factors

Host factors, agent factors, and environmental factors interact in ways that result in various states of health in an individual or a community. The host is defined as the organism that carries the disease and is affected by the agent. The agent is the microorganism that causes the disease and the environment includes outside factors that affect the spread of the disease (Engard, 2017). For HIV, the host is the human who is infected, the agent is the transmittable viral infection that targets a person’s immune system, and the environmental factors would be social norms, an individual’s average rate of sex partners, poverty, and discrimination to name a few (Engard, 2017).

Role of the Community Health FNP

All aspects of the healthcare community play a collaborative and multidisciplinary role in caring for HIV patients. As a nurse practitioner, a comprehensive health assessment including a physical examination should be conducted initially to determine the proper screening and testing. Serology diagnostic screening includes HIV antibody testing. If positive, CD4-T cell count, and viral load by PCR are then collected (Orsega, 2015). Although there is no cure, HIV can be well controlled with ART and patients who receive early and consistent treatment are able to live full and productive lives. The role of a family nurse practitioner (FNP) is to provide educational support, management, and guidance for patients living with HIV as well as to provide preventative measures to those individuals at risk for the disease. According to the CDC, patients who receive treatment and achieve an undetectable viral load have little to no risk of spreading the infection to other individuals (CDC, 2017). As such, it is the role of a FNP to appropriately screen patients at risk for the disease, make early diagnoses, and connect patient to treatment early in the disease process to help curb the HIV public health crisis. Furthermore, it is the role of the FNP, as a primary care provider, to educate at-risk patients of prevention measures including but not limited to safe sex practices, drug rehabilitation, and options for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PreEP) (CDC, 2017).

Conclusion

HIV can affect any sex, ethnicity, and age group. With proper medical management and individualized care, HIV can be controlled. With appropriate patient education, patients can make healthy choices and prevent disease. Additionally, once disease is identified, appropriate treatment is essential for the prevention of spread throughout the population. People with HIV can live full and high quality lives, but it takes a collaborative team approach to provide compassionate and effective care.

Reference

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). HIV basics. Retrieved  from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/

Engard, B. (2017). What is the epidemiologic triangle?. Retrieved from  http://online.river.edu/epidemiologic-triangle/

Orsega, S. (2015). Adult HIV infection treatment update 2014: An approach to HIV infection  management and antiretroviral treatment. Journal For Nurse Practitioners, 11(1), 95.  doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2014.10.034

Wade, P. (2015). Chapter 20: Nursing care of patients with HIV disease and AIDS.  Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 5th ed (pp. 362-385). Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania: F.A. Davis Company.

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How has change impacted the quality of care?

How has change impacted the quality of care?

Evolution of Health Care Paper and Timeline

There are specific trends from manual to electronic operations in the health care facilities, healthcare providers and similar businesses operators. The evolution has taken place within the health care providers, administrative data and the insurance plans as well. The health care industries have automated several procedures such as the supply of drugs and accurate record keeping (Loker 2012). Electronic health care uses sophisticated technology unlike the manual one; this advanced technology has been applied in the provision of health care all over the world hence saving both time and cost It has also widened and perfected the scope of operation.

How has this change impacted the quality of care?

The change to electronic medical records has proven to be successful and helpful in providing quality patient care. Some ways that it has helped is improving patient care, increasing patient participation, improved care coordination, improved diagnostic and patient outcomes, and practice efficiencies and cost savings. (HealthIT.gov). Patients are able to be more involved in the patient care process and are able to access to their records which was not possible in the past. The transporting of records from one physician to another is much quicker now because it can be done by a click of a button. When needing to send a patient to a specialist or when getting an authorization for a patient’s recommended treatment can be done a lot quicker as well. This is speeding up the process in being able to provide quick and quality care so the patient does not need to wait as long as they would have had to in the past.

Percentage of physicians whose electronic health records provided selected benefits

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(HealthIT.gov)

Electronic medical records has proven to be a good thing for both the medical provider as well as the patient and it has decreased the wait times to results or any potential errors and enhanced patient care.

Did Societal beliefs and values influence this change? Why or why not?

The health care delivery system in our country has its roots in the beliefs and values of the people (Shi & Singh, 2012). The firm belief in technological innovations leads to higher expectations of people, which has fueled the growth in technological innovations. The culture of individualism has led the medical practice to keep the individual healthy. Patients tend to evaluate the institutions by their acquisition of advanced technology. The expectation of Americans on what technology can do to cure illness is higher compared to the Canadians and Germans (Shi & Singh, 2012, p. 168). The societal beliefs and values impact not only the structure of health care delivery but also the training of health care providers.

The use of EHRs provided access to patients’ records on demand and have improved the quality of health care (Shi & Singh, 2012). Although the EHRs were to improve the quality of health care delivery, many providers and institutions did not adopt them due to the cost involved in implementing them. Since a vast majority of the society expects the government to take care of their health, the government agencies play a significant role in passing laws and guidelines in the best interest of public health. To motivate physicians to use EHRs, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) offered incentives to physicians investing in the EHR systems (Tripathi, 2012). The adoption of EHR would mean the improved health of the individual and the population. The use of EHR has improved the relationship between the patient and the provider as information is readily available to both the provider and physician, which increases patient involvement in the prevention and coordination of care. Americans have become involved with their health care and has taken a shift to preventive solutions from being treated for illness.

Change affecting team views.

While the change from manual to electronic health records instigated substantial progress in the way health information technology was implemented and sourced, it still has yet to launch advanced use of health information technology in a highly operational healthcare system. In order for success to be achieved, systematic changes need to take place with medical payments. Making and receiving payments has been quicker with the use of EMR and the medical coding process. With everything being done electronically, medical payments are distributed quickly and efficiently. In addition to the requirement imposed by the Affordable Care Act (ACA) to use EHRs in health care settings, positive outcomes of using the EHR like improved patient relationship, quality of care, patient centered care are a testimony to the fact that the use of EHRs will continue to trend upward.

Time line of health records.

In the 1920s, healthcare professionals recognized they were more effective at treating patients with comprehensive and correct medical history thus paper medical records were kept. Technology continued to advance and the beginning of a new system was introduced from 1960 to 1970. During this time, patient data was generated electronically and stored at a specific facility, typically university healthcare facilities, but the patient data was only retrievable at the specific healthcare location. From 1980 to 1990, a major success was the roll out of the first database of patient information, called master patient index (MPI) managed by all divisions of healthcare organizations. Later in the 1990s, computer healthcare applications were introduced to the market but they lacked the capability of communicating with each other or being viewed by other divisions. In 1996, medical record standards were established and distributed to provider offices with regular compliance assessments. By 2000, electronic medical records were responsible for reducing medical errors and increasing quality care but a surge in accidental patient injuries and deaths prompted President Bush to appeal for computerized health records in the State of the Union Address in 2004. A major reform in the medical software and databases was underway. In 2009, President Obama passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) which requires seventy percent of all primary care providers to implement Electronic Medical Records by 2014 (Brooks, n.d.). According to Healthcare IT News, “The most recently available survey data finds approximately three-quarters of U.S. nonfederal acute care hospitals have at least a basic electronic health record system which represents a significant increase from the prior year.” (Miliard, 2016).

Conclusion

Conclusion – Summarize the main points of the paper.

References

Benefits of Electronic Health Records (EHRs). HealthIT.gov. Retrieved from: https://www.healthit.gov/providers-professionals/benefits-electronic-health-records-ehrs

Brooks, A. (n.d.). Rasmussen College. Retrieved from http://www.rasmussen.edu/degrees/health-sciences/blog/health-information-management-history/

Loker, T. W. (2012). History and evolution of healthcare in America: The untold

backstory of where weve been, where we are and why healthcare needs more reform. Bloomington, iN: iUniverse Inc.

Miliard, M. (2016). Healthcare IT News. Retrieved from http://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/where-are-we-headed-post-hitech

Shi, L. & Singh, D. A. (2012). Delivering Health Care in America: A Systems Approach (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning

Tripathi, M. (2012). EHR evolution. Journal of AHIMA, 83(10), 24-30. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1040421420?accountid=458

Describe the influence of nursing leadership in driving the needed changes.

Describe the influence of nursing leadership in driving the needed changes.

Write 3–5 page safety score improvement plan for mitigating concerns, addressing a specific patient-safety goal that is relevant to quality patient care. Determine what a best evidence-based practice is and design a plan for resolving issues resulting from not maintaining patient safety.

Quality improvement and patient safety are health care industry imperatives (Institute of Medicine’s Committee on Quality of Health Care in America, 2001). Effective quality improvement results in system and organizational change. This ultimately contributes to the creation of a patient safety culture.

By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:

· Competency 2: Apply systems theory and systems thinking to facilitate health care delivery and patient outcomes.

. Apply systems thinking to explain how current policies and procedures may affect an identified safety issue.

. Explain an evidence-based strategy to collect information about, and improve, an identified safety concern.

. Explain a plan to implement a recommendation and monitor outcomes.

· Competency 4: Evaluate how power relates to health care organizational structure, behavior, and leadership.

. Describe the influence of nursing leadership in driving needed changes.

· Competency 5: Communicate in a manner that is consistent with the expectations of a nursing professional.

. Write content clearly and logically, with correct use of grammar, punctuation, mechanics, and current APA style.

Instructions:

Refer to the Internet for supplemental resources to help you complete this assessment, a safety score improvement plan.

Consider the hospital-acquired conditions that are not reimbursed for under Medicare/Medicaid. Among these conditions are specific safety issues such as infections, falls, medication errors, and other safety concerns that could have been prevented or alleviated with the use of evidence-based guidelines. Hospital Safety Score, an independent nonprofit organization, uses national performance measures to determine the safety score for hospitals in the United States. The Hospital Safety Score Web site and other online resources provide hospital safety scores to the public.

Read the scenario below:

Scenario

As the manager of a unit, you have been advised by the patient safety office of an alarming increase in the hospital safety score for your unit. This is a very serious public relations matter because patient safety data is public information. It is also a financial crisis because the organization stands to lose a significant amount of reimbursement money from Medicare and Medicaid unless the source of the problem can be identified and corrected. You are required to submit a safety score improvement plan to the organization’s leadership and the patient safety office.

Select a specific patient safety goal that has been identified by an organization, or one that is widely regarded in the nursing profession as relevant to quality patient care delivery, such as patient falls, infection rates, catheter-induced urinary infections, IV infections, et cetera.

Deliverable: Safety Score Improvement Plan

Develop a 3 page safety score improvement plan.

· Identify the health care setting and nursing unit of your choice in the title of the mitigation plan. For example, “Safety Score Improvement Plan for XYZ Rehabilitation Center.”

· You may choose to use information on a patient safety issue for the organization in which you currently work, or search for information from a setting you are familiar with, perhaps from your clinical work.

. Demonstrate systems theory and systems thinking as you develop your recommendations.

Organize your report with these headings:

Study of Factors

· Identify a patient safety issue.

· Describe the influence of nursing leadership in driving the needed changes.

· Apply systems thinking to explain how current policies and procedures may affect a safety issue.

Recommendations

· Recommend an evidence-based strategy to improve the safety issue.

· Explain a strategy to collect information about the safety concern.

. How would you determine the sources of the problem?

· Explain a plan to implement a recommendation and monitor outcomes.

. What quality indicators will you use?

. How will you monitor outcomes?

. Will policies or procedures need to be changed?

. Will nursing staff need training?

. What tools will you need to do this?

Additional Requirements

· Written communication: Written communication should be free of errors that detract from the overall message.

· APA formatting: Resources and in-text citations should be formatted according to current APA style and formatting.

· Length: The plan should be 3–5 pages.

· Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 point, double-spaced.

· Number of resources: Use a minimum of three peer-reviewed resources.

What are accountable care organizations (ACOs)?

What are accountable care organizations (ACOs)?

Health Care Payment and Delivery Reform in Minnesota Medicaid

Assignment Required Reading:
http://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/files/publications/case-study/2013/mar/1667_edwards_medicaid_minnesota_case_study_final_v2.pdf

Review the case study by clicking on the link. Prepare a paper that answers the following questions.

  • What are accountable care organizations (ACOs)?
  • What makes Minnesota unique in terms of a model for health system reform?
  • Why are states experimenting with different models of integrated care?
  • Are ACO’s a viable model to reduce the rate of growth in per-capita Medicaid spending? Why or why not?

Your paper should include the following:

  1. Four to six pages in length, not including the title and reference pages.
  2. Three to five peer reviewed references cited in the assignment.
  3. Remember, you must support your thinking/opinions and prior knowledge with references; all facts must be supported; in-text references used throughout the assignment must be included in an APA-formatted reference list.
  4. References should be current, not more than five years old; additional references articles from the popular press such as the WSJ and Washington Post should also be considered.
  5. Format paper in APA writing requirements.

What is important to patients of the faiths when cared for by health care providers whose spiritual beliefs differ from their own?

What is important to patients of the faiths when cared for by health care providers whose spiritual beliefs differ from their own?

Details:

 

The practice of health care providers at all levels brings you into contact with people from a variety of faiths. This calls for knowledge and acceptance of a diversity of faith expressions.

The purpose of this paper is to complete a comparative analysis of two faith philosophies towards providing health care, one being the Christian perspective. For the second faith, choose a faith that is unfamiliar to you. Examples of faiths to choose from: Sikh, Baha’i, Buddhism, Shintoism, etc.

 

In a minimum of 1,500-2,000 words, provide a comparative analysis of the different belief systems, reinforcing major themes with insights gained from your research.

 

In your comparative analysis, address all of the worldview questions in detail for Christianity and your selected faith. Refer to chapter 2 of the Called to Care for the list of questions. Be sure to address the implications of these beliefs for health care.

 

In addition answer the following questions that address the practical and healthcare implications based on the research:

 

  1. What are critical common components to all religions/beliefs in regards to healing, such as prayer, meditation, belief, etc.? Explain.
  2. What is important to patients of the faiths when cared for by health care providers whose spiritual beliefs differ from their own?

In your conclusion, describe your own spiritual perspective on healing, what you have learned from the research and how this learning can be applied to a health care provider.

 

Support your position by referencing at least three academic resources (preferably from the GCU Library) in addition to the course readings, the Bible, and the textbooks for each religion. Each religion must have a primary source included. A total of six references are required according to the specifications listed above. Incorporate the research into your writing in an appropriate, scholarly manner.

 

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is required.

 

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

 

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

Interpret how the concepts are defined. Implicitly or explicitly?

Interpret how the concepts are defined. Implicitly or explicitly?

Nursing Theory Analysis Paper

Overview/Description:

The purpose of this assignment is to describe, evaluate and discuss application of a nursing grand or mid-range theory. This assignment also provides the learner an opportunity to connect theory and research to nursing phenomena. Learners will develop an 8-10 page paper (excluding the title page and references) using APA style to address the elements listed below.

Theory/Author Name and Background

  1. Select a Grand or Mid-Range Theory that is appropriate to your practice setting.
  2. Describe the theorist’s background in detail and discuss how their experiences have impacted the theory development.
  3. Examine crucial references for the original and/or current work of the theorist and other authors writing about the selected theory.
  4. Identify the phenomenon of concern or problems addressed by the theory.

Theory Description

  1. Explain whether the theory uses deductive, inductive or retroductive reasoning. Provide evidence to support your conclusion.
  2. Describe the major concepts of the theory. How are they defined? (theoretically and/or operationally) Is the author consistent in the use of the concepts and other terms in the theory?
  3. Interpret how the concepts are defined. Implicitly or explicitly?
  4. Examine the relationships (propositions) among the major concepts.

Evaluation

  1. Identify explicit and implicit assumptions (values/beliefs) underlying the theory. On what assumptions does the theory build?
  2. Examine if the theory has a description of the four concepts of the nursing metaparadigm. If so, how are they explained in the theory? If the metapardigm is not explained, what elements do you see as relevant to the theory and why?
  3. Discuss the clarity of the theory. Did it have lucidness and consistency?

Application

  1. Examine how the theory would guide nursing actions.
  2. Describe specifically how you can use this theory in your area of nursing (Practice, Education, Informatics or Administration).

Download the Theory Critique Template.

APA Style/Format

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What are the implications of TB for critical care and advanced practice nurses?

What are the implications of TB for critical care and advanced practice nurses?

1. Conduct an evidence-based literature search to identify the most recent standards of care/treatment modalities from peer-reviewed articles and professional association guidelines (www.guideline.gov).

Cite a minimum of three resources.

Answer the following questions:

  1. What is the transmission and pathophysiology of TB?
  2. What are the clinical manifestations?
  3. After considering this scenario, what are the primary identified medical concerns for this patient?
  4. What are the primary psychosocial concerns?
  5. What are the implications of the treatment regimen, as far as likelihood of compliance and outcomes? Search the Internet to research rates of patient compliance in treatment of TB, as well as drug resistant TB.
  6. Identify the role of the community clinic in assisting patients, particularly undocumented patients, in covering the cost of TB treatment. What resources exist for TB treatment in community health centers around the United States? Compare the cost for treatment between, subsidized as it would be for a community health center, and unsubsidized.
  7. What are the implications of TB for critical care and advanced practice nurses?

 

Your paper should be 4 pages, (excluding cover page and reference page).

Your resources must include research articles as well as reference to non-research evidence-based guidelines.

Use APA format to style your paper and to cite your sources.

Were there any barriers or challenges that inhibited your ability to complete the assessment tool?

Were there any barriers or challenges that inhibited your ability to complete the assessment tool?

 Details:

This assignment requires you to interview one person and requires an analysis of your interview experience.

Part I: Interview

Select a patient, a family member, or a friend to interview. Be sure to focus on the interviewee’s experience as a patient, regardless of whom you choose to interview.

Review The Joint Commission resource found in topic materials, which provides some guidelines for creating spiritual assessment tools for evaluating the spiritual needs of patients. Using this resource and any other guidelines/examples that you can find, create your own tool for assessing the spiritual needs of patients.

Your spiritual needs assessment survey must include a minimum of five questions that can be answered during the interview. During the interview, document the interviewee’s responses.

The transcript should include the questions asked and the answers provided. Be sure to record the responses during the interview by taking detailed notes. Omit specific names and other personal information through which the interviewee can be determined.

Part II: Analysis

Write a 500-750 word analysis of your interview experience. Be sure to exclude specific names and other personal information from the interview. Instead, provide demographics such as sex, age, ethnicity, and religion. Include the following in your response:

  1. What went well?
  2. Were there any barriers or challenges that inhibited your ability to complete the assessment tool? How would you address these in the future or change your assessment to better address these challenges?
  3. How can this tool assist you in providing appropriate interventions to meet the needs of your patient?
  4. Did you discover that illness and stress amplified the spiritual concern and needs of your interviewee? Explain your answer with examples.

Submit both the transcript of the interview and the analysis of your results. This should be submitted as one document. The interview transcript does not figure into the word count.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

This benchmark assignment assesses the following competencies:

CONHCP Program Competencies for the RN-BSN:

5.2: Assess for the spiritual needs and provide appropriate interventions for individuals, families, and groups.

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ow would you address your patient’s concerns?

ow would you address your patient’s concerns?

A patient reports having occasional acute constipation with large, hard stools and pain and asks the primary care NP about medication to treat this condition. The NP learns that the patient drinks 1500 mL of water daily; eats fruits, vegetables, and bran; and exercises regularly. How would you address your patient’s concerns?  What medication would you add and why?

Constipation is among the commonest reason that makes people self medicate (Teri Moser Woo 2016 pp535). It is very common and can be caused by variety of factors ranging from lack of exercise, immobility, neuronal abnormality, iatrogenic causes as well. Appropriate management requires an evaluation for secondary etiologies, such as systemic disorders and drugs. Once secondary causes have been eliminated, idiopathic constipation may be associated with normal or slow colonic transit, defecatory dysfunction (pelvic floor dysfunction), or both. Laboratory work up specifically electrolytes and radiological investigation would be considered for the above mentioned patient. This is after a thorough History and physical exam.

Since the patient above exercises and eats well, I would start with a stimulant Laxative in this case. Stimulant laxatives — Stimulant laxatives such as bisacodyl (e.g., some forms of Dulcolax), Senna (e.g., Senokot), and sodium picosulfate (e.g., Dulcolax drops). According to (Johnson DA, Barkun AN, Cohen LB, et al 2014) A randomized four-week trial of sodium picosulfate (10 mg daily) in 45 patients with chronic constipation demonstrated improved bowel function for those receiving medication compared with placebo

 

                                                                        Senna

Category: Senna is a stimulant laxative, primarily exert their effects via alteration of electrolyte transport by the intestinal mucosa. They also increase intestinal motor activity

Use: Senna is use for constipation, generally causes bowel movement in 6 to 12 hours

Warning and Education: Senna should be used appropriately. Failure to have a bowel movement or occurrence of rectal bleeding after use should be reported to health care provider. It is not recommended for use in patients experiencing stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, or a sudden change in bowel movements which lasts >2 weeks. If constipation did not improve after being on Senna for one week, return to the clinic. Do not use for more than 1 week.

Adverse reaction: Some adverse reaction that can result from Senna use include: abdominal cramps, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting

 

References

Anderson PO, Sauberan JB. Modeling drug passage into human milk. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2016;100(1):42-52. [PubMed 27060684]

Johnson DA, Barkun AN, Cohen LB, et al. Optimizing adequacy of bowel cleansing for colonoscopy: recommendations from the US multi-society task force on colorectal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol, 2014;109(10):1528-1545. [PubMed 25223578]

Woo, T. M. & Robinson, M. V. (2016): Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice Nurse

Prescribers. (4TH ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Co

Liu Z, Yan S, Wu J, et al. Acupuncture for Chronic Severe Functional Constipation: A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med 2016; 165:761.